The Antibiotic Resistance Status of Gram-negative Bacilli causing Hospitalized Pneumonia Directly Detected by the MPL real-time PCR to Detect the Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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The Antibiotic Resistance Status of Gram-negative Bacilli causing Hospitalized Pneumonia Directly Detected by the MPL real-time PCR to Detect the Antibiotic Resistance Genes

11 Tháng 06, 2026

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The Antibiotic Resistance Status of Gram-negative Bacilli causing Hospitalized Pneumonia Directly Detected by the MPL real-time PCR to Detect the Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Huong Thien Pham^1,2,3*, Van Hung Pham^1,2, Duy Khanh Tran^1,2, Quoc Viet Nguyen^1,2
¹Vietnam Research and Development Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Ho Chi Minh city 70000, Vietnam; ²NK-Biotek Co.;
³Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh city 70000, Vietnam

BACKGROUND

The causative agents of pneumonia requiring hospitalization are often Gram-negative bacilli, and this presents a challenge in treatment because Gram-negative bacilli, especially A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli, have a relatively high rate of antibiotic resistance, including to potent and broad-spectrum antibiotics such as third and fourth generation cephalosporins and carbapenems^[1,2,3].

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To investigate the antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacilli causing hospital-acquired pneumonia, utilizing the multiplex realtime PCR (MPL-rPCR) assay developed by the Vietnam Institute of Clinical Microbiology Research and Development (VCM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a five-year retrospective analysis of 15,936 respiratory clinical samples from hospitalized patients. The workflow of viral detection using an in-house MLP-rPCR assay targeting 17 respiratory viruses is shown below.

Figure 1: Workflow used to detect pathogens and antibiotic-resistant genes using MPL-rPCR

Table 1: Pathogens detected by the MPL-rPCR developed by the VCM

Table 2: Antibiotic resistant genes detected directly from the samples by the MPL-rPCR developed by the VCM

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

By comprehensively analyzing information on the direct detection of bacterial agents, particularly Gram-negative bacilli, from lower respiratory tract specimens, this study highlights the assay’s value in helping clinicians optimize antibiotic selection.

REFERENCES

1. Principe, L., Lupia, T., Andriani, L., Campanile, F., Carcione, D.,Corcione, S., … & Di Bella, S.(2022). Microbiological, clinical, and PK/PD features of the new anti-Gram-negative antibiotics: β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors in combination and cefiderocol—an all-inclusive guide for clinicians. Pharmaceuticals, 15(4), 463.2.

2. Hall, B. G., & Barlow, M. (2005). Revised Ambler classification of β-lactamases. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 55(6), 1050-1051.

3. Banerjee R, Patel R. Molecular diagnostics for genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance: current landscape and future directions. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2023 Feb 17;5(1):dlad018. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad018. PMID: 36816746; PMCID: PMC9937039.

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The Antibiotic Resistance Status of Gram-negative Bacilli causing Hospitalized Pneumonia Directly Detected by the MPL real-time PCR to Detect the Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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